During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded no income tax benefits for the net operating losses incurred in each year due to its uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items.

The provision for income taxes consists of the following components:

Income taxes have been based on the following components of income (loss) before provision for income taxes:

The Irish federal statutory rate is reconciled to the effective tax rate as follows:

The significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

As a Company incorporated in Ireland, it is principally subject to taxation in Ireland.

The Company has net operating loss carryforwards in Ireland which result in tax benefits of approximately $13,648, $5,409 and $1,706 as of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, for which a full valuation allowance has been recognized as it was determined that it is more-likely-than-not that these net deferred tax assets will not be realized. The net operating loss carryforwards do not expire, but are carried forward indefinitely. Realization of these deferred tax assets is dependent on the generation of sufficient taxable income. If the Company demonstrates consistent profitability in the future, the evaluation of the recoverability of these deferred tax assets may change and the remaining valuation allowance may be released in part or in whole. While management expects to realize the deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances, changes in estimates of future taxable income or in tax laws may alter this expectation.

On December 22, 2017, the United States federal government enacted the Tax Act, marking a change from a worldwide tax system to a modified territorial tax system in the United States.  As part of this change, the Tax Act, among other changes, provided a reduction of the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 34% to 21%, an indefinite carryforward of net operating losses incurred in 2018 and future periods, and an interest limitation starting in 2018 with an indefinite carryforward.  Any impact to the Company related to these items were accounted for in the 2017 and 2018 tax provisions with minimal impact.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

The Company is generally subject to examination in the Company’s primary tax jurisdictions for tax years beginning 2015. The Company is not currently subject to any audits or examination.