1. Basis of Presentation

Iterum Therapeutics plc (the Company) was incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Ireland in June 2015 as a limited company and re-registered as a public limited company on March 20, 2018. The Company maintains its registered office at Block 2 Floor 3, Harcourt Centre, Harcourt Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. The Company commenced operations in November 2015. The Company licensed global rights to its novel anti-infective compound, sulopenem, from Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer). The Company is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company dedicated to developing and commercializing sulopenem to be potentially the first oral branded penem in the United States and the first and only oral and intravenous (IV) branded penem available globally.

Since inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to research and development, recruiting management and technical staff, and raising capital, and has financed its operations through the issuance of ordinary and convertible preferred shares, debt raised under a financing arrangement with Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) including the Paycheck Protection Program loan (PPP loan), a sub-award from the Trustees of Boston University under the Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X) program and the proceeds of a private placement and subsequent rights offering pursuant to which its wholly owned subsidiary, Iterum Therapeutics Bermuda Limited (Iterum Bermuda) issued and sold $51.8 million aggregate principal amount of 6.500% Exchangeable Senior Subordinated Notes due 2025 (Exchangeable Notes) and $0.1 million aggregate principal amount of Limited Recourse Royalty-Linked Subordinated Notes (the RLNs and, together with the Exchangeable Notes, the Securities). The Company has not generated any product revenue. The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including, but not limited to, the ability to secure additional capital to fund operations, failure to achieve regulatory approval, failure to successfully develop and commercialize its product candidates, development by competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology and compliance with government regulations. Product candidates currently under development will require additional research and development efforts, including regulatory approval prior to commercialization.

Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize significant revenue from product sales.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries.

On July 5, 2019, the Company filed a universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-232569) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which was declared effective on July 16, 2019, and pursuant to which it registered for sale up to $150.0 million of any combination of its ordinary shares, preferred shares, debt securities, warrants and/or units from time to time and at prices and on terms that the Company may determine.

On January 21, 2020, the Company completed a private placement pursuant to which its wholly owned subsidiary, Iterum Bermuda, issued and sold $51.6 million aggregate principal amount of Exchangeable Notes and $0.1 million aggregate principal amount of RLNs to a group of accredited investors (the Private Placement). The Securities were sold in units (the Units) in the Private Placement and Rights Offering with each Unit consisting of an Exchangeable Note in the original principal amount of $1,000 and 50 RLNs). In connection with the Private Placement, the Company agreed to undertake a rights offering of subscription rights to purchase additional Units (the Rights Offering). Under the Rights Offering, the Company and Iterum Bermuda, distributed to the Company’s eligible holders of ordinary shares and eligible warrant holders one non-transferable subscription right for each ordinary share owned (or deemed owned in the case of eligible warrant holders) as of the close of business on the record date, August 5, 2020. The subscription period for the Rights Offering expired on August 31, 2020 and right holders subscribed for 220 units. As a result, on September 8, 2020, Iterum Bermuda issued and sold $0.2 million aggregate principal amount of Exchangeable Notes and $0.02 million aggregate principal amount of RLNs.  The Units were sold at a price of $1,000 per Unit. The Exchangeable Notes are exchangeable for the Company’s ordinary shares, cash or a combination of ordinary shares and cash, at an exchange rate of 1,286.1845 shares per $1,000 principal and interest on the Exchangeable Notes (equivalent to an exchange price of approximately $0.7775 per ordinary share) as of November 2, 2020, which was adjusted from the initial exchange price of 1,000 shares per $1,000 principal and interest on the Exchangeable Notes (equivalent to an initial exchange price of $1.00 per ordinary share) and is subject to further adjustment pursuant to the terms and conditions of the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes (the Exchangeable Notes Indenture). Beginning on January 21, 2021 to March 31, 2021, certain noteholders of $37.5 million aggregate principal amount of Exchangeable Notes have exchanged their notes for an aggregate of 51,499,567 of the Company’s ordinary shares, which included accrued and unpaid interest relating to such notes. The aggregate principal amount of Exchangeable Notes outstanding as of March 31, 2021 was $14.3 million. The RLNs entitle holders to payments based on a percentage of the Company’s net revenues from potential U.S. sales of specified sulopenem products, subject to the terms and conditions of the indenture governing the RLNs. Pursuant to the indenture governing the RLNs, the payments on the RLNs will be up to either 15% or 20% of net revenues from U.S. sales of such products, depending on the indication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the FDA). The aggregate amount of payments on each RLN is capped at $160.00 (or 4,000 times the principal amount of such RLN). Iterum Bermuda received net proceeds from the sales of the Securities of approximately $45.0 million, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses.

In April 2020, the Company began deferring payment on its share of U.S. payroll taxes owed, as allowed by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) through December 31, 2020. The Company is able to defer half of its share of U.S. payroll taxes owed until December 31, 2021, with the remaining half due on December 31, 2022.

On April 3, 2020, the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) launched a Paycheck Protection Program (the Program) established following the signing of the CARES Act on March 27, 2020. On April 30, 2020, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Iterum Therapeutics US Limited, (the Borrower) entered into the PPP loan with SVB (the Lender) under the Program, pursuant to the Company receiving a loan of $0.7 million with a fixed 1% annual interest rate and a maturity of two years. Under the terms of the agreement, there shall be no payments due by the Company until the SBA remits the forgiveness amount to the borrower or 10 months after the end of the six-month period beginning April 30, 2020 (the Deferral Period). Following the Deferral Period, equal monthly repayments of principal and interest will be due to fully amortize the principal amount outstanding on the PPP loan by the maturity date. The SBA forgave $340 of the loan in November 2020, and the remaining loan of $404 began amortization in December with equal monthly repayments of $26 through March 2022.

On June 3, 2020, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (June 3 SPA) with certain institutional investors (the June 3 Purchasers) pursuant to which the Company issued and sold, in a registered direct offering (June 3 Offering), an aggregate of 2,971,770 ordinary shares, $0.01 nominal value per share, at a purchase price per share of $1.6825, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $5.0 million and net proceeds of $4.3 million after deducting fees payable to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company offered the ordinary shares in the June 3 Offering pursuant to its universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3. Pursuant to the June 3 SPA, in a concurrent private placement, the Company issued and sold to the June 3 Purchasers warrants to purchase up to 1,485,885 ordinary shares. Upon closing, the warrants became exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $1.62 per ordinary share, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and will expire on December 5, 2025. The closing date of the June 3 Offering was June 5, 2020. Warrants to purchase 208,023 ordinary shares, amounting to 7% of the ordinary shares issued under the June 3 SPA, were issued to designees of the placement agent on the closing of the June 3 Offering Upon closing, the warrants issued to such designees were exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $2.1031 per ordinary share, and will expire on June 3, 2025.

On June 30, 2020, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (June 30 SPA) with certain institutional investors (the June 30 Purchasers) pursuant to which the Company issued and sold in a registered direct offering (June 30 Offering) an aggregate of 3,372,686 ordinary shares, $0.01 nominal value per share, at a purchase price per share of $1.4825, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $5.0 million and net proceeds of $4.2 million after deducting fees payable to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company offered the ordinary shares in the June 30 Offering pursuant to its universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3. Pursuant to the June 30 SPA, in a concurrent private placement, the Company issued and sold to the June 30 Purchasers warrants to purchase up to 1,686,343 ordinary shares. Upon closing, the warrants were exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $1.42 per ordinary share, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and will expire on January 2, 2026. The June 30 Offering closed on July 2, 2020. Warrants to purchase 236,088 ordinary shares, amounting to 7% of the ordinary shares issued under the June 30 SPA, were issued to designees of the placement agent on closing of the June 30 Offering. Upon closing, the warrants issued to such designees were exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $1.8531 per ordinary share, and will expire on June 30, 2025.

On October 27, 2020, the Company completed a registered public offering (the October Offering) in which it sold an aggregate of (i) 15,511,537 ordinary shares, $0.01 nominal value per share, (ii) pre-funded warrants exercisable for an aggregate of 11,411,539 ordinary shares and (iii) warrants exercisable for an aggregate of 20,192,307 ordinary shares. The pre-funded warrants were issued and sold to certain purchasers whose purchase of ordinary shares in the October Offering would have otherwise resulted in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of the Company’s outstanding ordinary shares immediately following the consummation of the October Offering, if the purchaser so chose in lieu of ordinary shares that would have otherwise resulted in such excess ownership. The ordinary shares and pre-funded warrants were each offered together with the warrants, but the ordinary shares and pre-funded warrants were issued separately from the warrants. The combined offering price was $0.65 per ordinary share and warrant and $0.64 per pre-funded warrant and warrant. The Company’s net proceeds from the October Offering, after deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, were $15.5 million. The warrants are exercisable upon issuance at a price of $0.65 per ordinary share, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and expire on October 27, 2025. The pre-funded warrants are exercisable upon issuance at a price of $0.01 per ordinary share, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, and expire when exercised in full, subject to certain conditions. As of December 31, 2020, all pre-funded warrants had been exercised for net proceeds of $0.11 million. In connection with the October Offering, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the Purchase Agreement) on October 22, 2020 with certain institutional investors. The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations and warranties of the Company, termination rights of the parties, and certain indemnification obligations of the Company and ongoing covenants of the Company, including a prohibition on the Company entering into variable rate transactions for a period of 12 months after the closing of the October Offering, subject to certain exceptions. Warrants to purchase 1,884,615 ordinary shares, which represents a number of ordinary shares equal to 7.0% of the aggregate number of ordinary shares and pre-funded warrants sold in the October Offering, were issued to designees of the placement agent on closing of the October Offering. Upon closing, the warrants issued to such designees became exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $0.8125 per ordinary share and will expire on October 22, 2025.

On February 3, 2021, the Company entered into an amended and restated underwriting agreement (the Underwriting Agreement) to issue and sell 34,782,609 ordinary shares of the Company, $0.01 nominal value per share, in a firm commitment underwritten public offering with a public offering price of $1.15 per share (the February Underwritten Offering). The Company offered the ordinary shares in the February Underwritten Offering pursuant to its universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3. The February Underwritten Offering closed on February 8, 2021. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the underwriter an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to an additional 5,217,391 ordinary shares on the same terms and conditions, which the underwriter exercised in full on February 10, 2021. This exercise increased the total number of ordinary shares sold by the Company in the offering to 40,000,000 shares, which resulted in aggregate gross proceeds of $46.0 million and net proceeds of $42.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. In addition, pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed to issue to the underwriter’s designees warrants to purchase 2,800,000 ordinary shares, which was equal to 7.0% of the aggregate number of ordinary shares sold in the February Underwritten Offering, including the underwriter’s option to purchase an additional 5,217,391 ordinary shares. The warrants issued to such designees have an exercise price of $1.4375 per ordinary share, were exercisable upon issuance and will expire on February 3, 2026.

On February 9, 2021, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the February SPA) with several healthcare-focused institutional investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a registered direct offering (the February Registered Direct Offering) an aggregate of 17,500,000 ordinary shares, $0.01 nominal value per share, at a purchase price of $2.00 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $35.0 million and net proceeds to the Company of $32.2 million after deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses. The Company offered the ordinary shares in the February Registered Direct Offering pursuant to its universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3. The February Registered Direct Offering closed on February 12, 2021. Warrants to purchase 1,225,000 ordinary shares, which was equal to 7.0% of the aggregate number of ordinary shares issued under the February SPA, were issued to designees of the placement agent on closing of the February Registered Direct Offering. The warrants issued to such designees were exercisable upon issuance at an exercise price of $2.50 per ordinary share and will expire on February 9, 2026.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date of issue of these quarterly condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company has funded its operations to date primarily with proceeds from the sale of preferred shares and ordinary shares, warrants, debt raised under financing arrangements with SVB including the PPP loan, payments received under the CARB-X program and the proceeds of the Private Placement and Rights Offering. The Company has incurred operating losses since inception, including net losses of $98,921 and $16,100 for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and a net loss of $52,006 for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company had an accumulated deficit of $385,850 as of March 31, 2021 and expects to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. Management believes that its cash and cash equivalents balance of $66,640 and short-term investments balance of $33,868 at March 31, 2021 are sufficient to fund operations for at least one year from the date the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. In making this assessment management have considered the planned operations of the company and the ability to adjust its plans if required.

In addition, in parallel, the Company is evaluating its corporate, strategic, financial and financing alternatives, with the goal of maximizing value for its stakeholders. These alternatives could potentially include the licensing, sale or divestiture of the Company’s assets or proprietary technologies, a sale of the Company, a merger or other business combination or another strategic transaction involving the Company. The evaluation of corporate, strategic, financial and financing alternatives may not result in any particular action or any transaction being pursued, entered into or consummated, and there is no assurance as to the timing, sequence or outcome of any action or transaction or series of actions or transactions.

COVID-19 Global Pandemic

The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a disruption of the normal operations of many businesses, including the temporary closure or scale-back of business operations and/or the imposition of either quarantine or remote work or meeting requirements for employees, either by government order or on a voluntary basis. The pandemic may impact the ability of the Company’s strategic partners to operate and fulfill their contractual obligations, and result in an increase in their costs and cause delays in performance. These effects, and the direct effect of the virus and any potential disruption on the Company’s operations, may negatively impact the Company’s ability to meet its strategic targets. The Company’s employees, in most cases, are working remotely due to safety concerns and using various technologies to perform their functions. Additionally, the disruption and volatility in the global and domestic capital markets may increase the cost of capital and limit the Company’s ability to access capital. Both the health and economic aspects of COVID-19 are highly fluid and the future course of each is uncertain. For these reasons and other reasons that may come to light if the coronavirus pandemic and associated protective or preventative measures expand, the Company may experience a material adverse effect on its business operations and financial condition; however, its ultimate impact is highly uncertain and subject to change.

The Company cannot foresee if and when the outbreak of COVID-19 will be effectively contained, nor can the Company predict the severity and duration of its impact. COVID-19 has not yet had a significant impact on the Company’s day to day operations. Management is actively monitoring the global situation on its financial condition, liquidity, operations, suppliers, industry, and workforce. Given the daily evolution of the COVID-19 outbreak and the global responses to curb its spread, the Company is not able to estimate the adverse effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on its results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

Interim Financial Information

The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2020 was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2021 and for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2020, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 12, 2021. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2021, and results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 have been made. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021.